N 4 (189) 2024. P. 56–61

THE ROLE OF IMMUNE LINK IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES IN THE PERIODONTIUM

Ivan Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Ternopil, Ukraine

DOI 10.32782/2226-2008-2024-4-10

Inflammatory periodontal diseases are an important and actual problem in dentistry, among which the leading place is occupied by generalized periodontitis – the most severe lesion of periodons, which is characterized by a massive prevalence in the population.

The aim of the work was to investigate, based on a review of literary sources, modern views on the role of the immune system and its humoral link in the pathogenesis of inflammatory processes in the periodontium.

Materials and methods. A literature review was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, Google Scholar up to April 2024.

There was no restriction on the date of publication or language.

Results and discussion.

During destructive-inflammatory processes in the periodontal complex, an increase in the level of immunoglobulins is observed, which is the result of pronounced antigenic stimulation with the spread of bacterial invasion under the gums. There is an active synthesis of antibodies followed by their transudation from the bloodstream into the gingival fluid. Violation of immune homeostasis observed in periodontitis is manifested by quantitative and qualitative changes in T- and B-lymphocytes, as well as increased synthesis of autoantibodies that initiate and maintain inflammation. Different types of white blood cells, known as leukocytes, actively contribute to the inflammatory process and tissue damage within the periodontal complex. Among these, key players include neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, and lymphocytes. When activated by microorganisms, monocytes and macrophages produce a series of cytokines, triggering an imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses. This imbalance ultimately leads to tissue resorption, as previously mentioned.

Conclusions. Immunopathological processes are of great importance in the formation and progression of inflammatory diseases of the periodontal complex, and their course depends on disorders in the specific and non-specific links of innate and adaptive immunity.

Key words: periodontitis, oral mucosa, cytokines, immunoglobulins, periodontal disease, immunity, neutrophils.

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